Connecting Resources, Building Community for People Living with Parkinson’s
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On Tuesday, November 18, 2025, the Parkinson’s Association of Southwest Florida (PASWFL) invites you to join us for our annual Mingle & Share event—an uplifting, community-centered gathering focused on helping individuals and families affected by Parkinson’s disease live well. The event will take place from 10:00 am to Noon at the beautiful Hilton Naples. Registration is $25 and open to the public.

Living with Parkinson’s can present unique challenges, but it doesn’t mean you have to navigate them alone. That’s the driving purpose behind Mingle & Share. This event was created to bring together people with Parkinson’s, care partners, healthcare professionals, and service providers to build connections, offer support, and share valuable tools that can improve quality of life

At the heart of this event is the opportunity to meet one-on-one with local professionals and organizations that offer products, therapies, services, and wellness programs tailored to the Parkinson’s community. Whether you’re interested in learning more about physical and occupational therapy, speech and movement programs, assistive technology, in-home care, or nutrition and wellness options, Mingle & Share offers a unique chance to explore your options in a warm and welcoming setting.

Attendees will also get to mingle with other individuals and families who understand the day-to-day realities of living with Parkinson’s. These moments of shared experience and camaraderie often lead to lasting friendships and new perspectives on how to face the challenges of Parkinson’s with strength and optimism.
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For those new to the Parkinson’s Association of Southwest Florida, Mingle & Share is also a wonderful opportunity to learn more about the free programs and services offered by the organization year-round—including support groups, exercise and speech classes, caregiver resources, educational presentations, and social events. Everything PASWFL does is rooted in its mission to help people with Parkinson’s and their care partners live well, with no cost barrier to participation.

​Why Attend?

• Discover local resources and services tailored for the Parkinson’s community
• Meet face-to-face with healthcare professionals and wellness experts
• Explore tools that support independence, mobility, and emotional wellness
• Connect with others who understand the journey of living with Parkinson’s
• Learn more about the free programs PASWFL offers across Southwest Florida

Event Details: Registration Opens Friday, August 1, 2025

• Date: Tuesday, November 18, 2025
• Time: 10:00 am – Noon
• Location: Hilton Naples, 5111 Tamiami Trail N, Naples, FL 34103
• Cost: $25 Registration includes:
  • Refreshments
  • A beverage coupon for each participant
  • Cash bar
  • Valet Parking Available

RSVP by calling (239) 417-3465 or visiting www.PASWFL.org
Whether you're living with Parkinson’s, caring for a loved one, or simply want to learn more about how to support someone in your life, this event is for you. Join us at Mingle & Share and take a powerful step toward greater connection, better resources, and a stronger community.

The Parkinson’s Association of Southwest Florida (PASWFL) recently hosted its Annual Living Well with PD Education Symposium, bringing together some of Florida’s top Parkinson’s Disease (PD) specialists to share the latest insights into research, diagnosis, and management strategies for living well with PD.
As the second most common neurodegenerative disease in the U.S., Parkinson’s Disease affects nearly 1 million Americans, and the number is expected to grow. While there is currently no cure, the good news is that both pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic interventions can dramatically improve the quality of life for people living with PD—and may even slow disease progression.

The 5 Cardinal Features of Parkinson’s Disease:
Dr. Haq outlined the five cardinal features of PD, dividing them into motor and non-motor categories:

Motor Features
1. Rest Tremor – Usually begins on one side of the body, often in the hand, and may improve with voluntary movement.
2. Bradykinesia – Slowed movements, reduced facial expression, shorter stride length, and decreased arm swing.
3. Postural Instability – Abnormal gait, stooped posture, and a tendency to shuffle or fall backward (retropulsion).

Non-Motor Features 
1. Fatigue and Chronic Pain 

• ​Persistent tiredness not relieved by rest or sleep, mental fatigue, muscle or joint pain.
• Lack of motivation or mental energy (mental fatigue)
• Generalized muscle or joint pain
• Burning, aching, or stabbing sensations
• Pain that shifts locations or increases with movement
• Reduced ability to perform daily tasks due to fatigue

2. Low Blood Pressure (Orthostatic Hypotension)

• Dizziness or lightheadedness when standing up
• Feeling faint or episodes of fainting
• Blurred or tunnel vision
• Weakness or fatigue after changing positions
• ​Nausea or a “floating” sensation upon standing

3. Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS)

• Uncomfortable sensations in the legs (tingling, crawling, itching, burning)
• ​Strong urge to move the legs, especially when at rest
• Symptoms that worsen in the evening or at night
• ​Temporary relief after walking or stretching
• Difficulty falling or staying asleep

  4. Bladder and Bowel Issues
   Bladder-related symptoms:

• Sudden, urgent need to urinate (urinary urgency)
• Frequent urination, especially at night (nocturia)
• ​Leakage or incontinence
• Difficulty starting urination or feeling of incomplete emptying

   Bowel-related symptoms:

• Constipation (fewer than three bowel movements per week)
• ​Hard, dry stools
• Straining during bowel movements
• ​Feeling of incomplete evacuation
• Bloating or abdominal discomfort

  5. Sleep Disturbances

• Insomnia or difficulty staying asleep
• Excessive daytime sleepiness or sudden sleep attacks
• ​Vivid dreams or nightmares
• Acting out dreams (REM sleep behavior disorder)
• Restlessness or frequent movement during sleep
• ​Waking frequently to use the bathroom

 6. Difficulty Swallowing or Managing SalivaSwallowing difficulties (dysphagia):

• Coughing or choking while eating or drinking
• Sensation of food getting stuck in the throat
• Difficulty chewing or managing certain textures
• Slow eating or avoiding meals

   Saliva management (sialorrhea):

• Drooling, especially when not speaking or eating
• Wet pillow in the morning
• Lip or chin irritation due to constant moisture
• Frequent throat clearing

  7. Changes in Eating Patterns and Excessive SweatingEating pattern changes:

• Reduced appetite or lack of interest in food
• Early fullness after small meals (early satiety)
• Weight loss without trying
• Difficulty with utensils or preparing food
• Altered sense of taste or smell

   Excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis):

• Sweating more than normal with little exertion
• Facial or upper body sweating
• Night sweats
• Temperature sensitivity
• Social discomfort due to visible perspiration

Recognizing these symptoms and addressing them early through a combination of medical treatment, physical therapy, and wellness programs can lead to better long-term outcomes.

How PASWFL Supports Living Well with PDFor over twenty-five years, the Parkinson’s Association of Southwest Florida has been empowering individuals and families through education, enrichment, and engagement.

Every week, PASWFL offers over 25 free programs and support groups for people living with Parkinson’s and their care partners. These include:

• Parkinson-specific exercise classes
• Voice therapy
• Educational workshops
• Support groups for both patients and caregivers

There are no fees associated with becoming a member, and everyone affected by PD in Southwest Florida is welcome to join.

​To learn more and receive updates:
Click here to sign up for PASWFL’s newsletter
Membership is free:
Click here to join PASWFL

Parkinson’s may change your path—but with the right knowledge and support, you can still live well every step of the way. 

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What is Impulse Control Disorder? 
​Impulse Control Disorder refers to a group of behavioral conditions where a person struggles to resist urges or impulses that may be harmful to themselves or others. In the context of Parkinson’s disease, ICD is most often a side effect of certain medications used to treat motor symptoms—particularly dopamine agonists.
People with ICD may engage in behaviors like:

•    Compulsive gambling
•    ​Hypersexuality
•    Excessive shopping or spending
• ​   Binge eating
•    Hoarding or collecting

These behaviors can start subtly and become more intense over time. What makes ICD particularly challenging is that individuals may not realize these actions are linked to their Parkinson’s medication—or that the behavior is even a problem until it begins affecting finances, relationships, or emotional well-being.

What Causes ICD in Parkinson’s? 
​ICD in PD is most commonly linked to dopaminergic medications, especially dopamine agonists like pramipexole (Mirapex) or ropinirole (Requip). These medications help with movement symptoms by stimulating dopamine receptors in the brain, but they can also affect the brain’s reward system. This can increase the drive for pleasure-seeking behaviors, leading to problems with self-control.

Not every person with Parkinson’s who takes these medications will experience ICD. However, certain risk factors can increase the likelihood, including:

•   A personal or family history of addiction or impulsivity
•   Younger age at Parkinson’s onset
•   Depression or mood disorders
•   Higher doses of dopamine agonists

Recognizing the SignsSpotting ICD early is key. Loved ones may notice changes before the person affected does, such as:

• Secretive behavior or hiding purchases
• Unexplained financial strain
• Spending more time online or on phones for gambling or shopping
• Mood changes when asked about certain behaviors

If you or a loved one starts showing signs of impulsive or compulsive behavior, don’t ignore it—talk to your neurologist or Parkinson’s care team.

Treatment and Support
The good news is that ICD is manageable. Treatment often includes:

• Adjusting medications, particularly reducing or switching off dopamine agonists
• Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to address thought patterns and coping strategies
• Support groups to talk openly with others who understand the experience​

At the Parkinson’s Association of Southwest Florida, we believe in treating the whole person—not just motor symptoms. That means providing education and support for behavioral and emotional challenges like ICD as well.

Final Thoughts
Impulse Control Disorder is a real and distressing part of the Parkinson’s experience for some individuals—but help is available. If you or someone you love is experiencing sudden or uncontrollable urges, it’s not a character flaw—it’s a treatable side effect. Let’s keep the conversation going and ensure no one navigates Parkinson’s alone.

For more resources, support groups, or to speak with someone who understands, please visit www.parkinsonassociationswfl.org or call 239-417-3465.
For more than 25 years, PASWFL has provided free, high-quality services and programs to individuals and families affected by Parkinson’s disease in Southwest Florida.
Their goal is simple: help people live well with PD, regardless of where they are in their journey.

Each week, PASWFL offers more than 25 free programs and support groups, including:

• Wellness and fitness classes
• Speech and cognitive therapy
• Art and music therapy
• Educational seminars
• Support for care partners
• One-on-one resource navigation

There are no fees to become a member, and PASWFL welcomes anyone touched by PD.

Take the First Step Toward Living Well
If you suspect early Parkinson’s or have been recently diagnosed, you don’t have to face it alone.
Click here to sign up for the PASWFL newsletter
Click here to become a member (it's free!)
To learn more, visit www.parkinsonassociationswfl.org and discover the power of support, education, and community.

When living with Parkinson’s disease (PD), many people wonder what else they can do—beyond medications and therapy—to support their brain and body. One of the most common questions is: “What supplements are good for Parkinson’s?”
While supplements aren’t a cure for Parkinson’s, certain vitamins, minerals, and nutrients may help support overall wellness, ease symptoms, or counteract side effects of medication. Always speak with your healthcare provider before starting any supplement, especially if you are taking prescription medications.

What Supplements Are Good for Parkinson’s?

​Here are several supplements commonly studied or recommended for people with Parkinson’s:
1. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)This antioxidant plays a role in energy production in cells. Some early research suggested CoQ10 might slow Parkinson’s progression, but larger studies haven’t confirmed this. Still, many people take it to support mitochondrial function and overall energy.
2. Vitamin DPeople with Parkinson’s are often low in vitamin D, which is essential for bone health and immune function. Supplementing vitamin D may reduce fall risk and support mood and muscle strength.
3. Omega-3 Fatty Acids (Fish Oil)Omega-3s may support brain health, reduce inflammation, and improve mood. Some studies suggest they could slow neurodegeneration.
4. Vitamin B12 and FolateThese vitamins help with nerve function and cognitive health. Levodopa, a common PD medication, may lower B12 levels, increasing the risk of neuropathy. A B-complex or methylated B12 supplement can be helpful.
5. ProbioticsGut health plays a surprising role in Parkinson’s. Probiotics may improve digestion, reduce constipation, and support overall gut-brain balance.
6. CreatineCreatine has been studied for its potential to improve muscle strength and brain energy metabolism, though results are mixed.
7. GlutathioneA powerful antioxidant, glutathione levels are often lower in people with PD. While oral supplements are limited, IV or liposomal forms are sometimes used under medical supervision.

Always Consult Your Doctor 
Just because a supplement is natural doesn’t mean it’s always safe or beneficial. Some can interact with Parkinson’s medications, especially levodopa. It’s essential to work with a healthcare provider familiar with PD to determine what’s right for your individual needs.

Support for Living Well with Parkinson’s
Nutrition and supplements are just one part of a full picture of Parkinson’s care. That’s why the Parkinson’s Association of Southwest Florida (PASWFL) is here to help.

For over twenty-five years, PASWFL has provided effective programs and services that improve the quality of life, educate, enrich, and empower our Southwest Floridians touched by PD and related neurological diseases.

Each week, PASWFL offers more than 25 free programs and support groups for members with PD and their care partners, including fitness, voice, art, education, and caregiver support. There are no fees to join, and membership is open to everyone affected by PD in Southwest Florida.

Ready to Learn More or Join?Click here to sign up for the PASWFL newsletter for tips, events, and updates.
Click here to join PASWFL for free and access 25+ weekly programs.

If you or someone you love has been diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease (PD), you’ve likely heard a lot about dopamine. But what exactly is dopamine, and what does it do in Parkinson’s? Understanding the role of this essential brain chemical can help you better grasp the symptoms, treatment, and ongoing care related to PD.

What Does Dopamine Do in Parkinson’s?Dopamine is a neurotransmitter—a chemical messenger in the brain that plays a crucial role in controlling movement, coordination, mood, and motivation. In a healthy brain, dopamine is produced by nerve cells in an area called the substantia nigra, located in the midbrain. It helps transmit signals that allow smooth, purposeful physical motion.

In Parkinson’s disease, these dopamine-producing cells begin to degenerate and die, leading to a significant drop in dopamine levels. This shortage of dopamine disrupts the normal balance and flow of communication between the brain and the body—particularly in areas that control motor function.
That’s why people with PD experience symptoms like:

• Tremors (shaking)
• Slowness of movement (bradykinesia)
• Muscle rigidity
• Difficulty with balance and coordination

As dopamine levels continue to decline, non-motor symptoms can also develop, such as mood changes, sleep disturbances, and cognitive challenges.

How Does Dopamine Affect Parkinson’s Symptoms?
The classic motor symptoms of Parkinson’s are directly tied to the lack of dopamine in the brain. Without enough dopamine:

• Muscles may stiffen or become slow to respond.
• Simple movements like walking, writing, or speaking can become challenging.
• Reflexes slow down, increasing the risk of falls and injury.

This is why many Parkinson’s medications aim to replace dopamine or mimic its effects, helping to restore some degree of normal movement and reduce symptoms.
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One of the most well-known treatments is levodopa, a medication that the brain converts into dopamine. When taken with carbidopa (which helps levodopa reach the brain more efficiently), it can significantly improve mobility and quality of life.

Living Well with Parkinson’s: Support from PASWFLWhile medications help manage dopamine levels, ongoing support and care are essential for living well with Parkinson’s—and that’s where the Parkinson’s Association of Southwest Florida (PASWFL) comes in.

For over twenty-five years, PASWFL has provided effective programs and services that improve the quality of life, educate, enrich, and empower Southwest Floridians touched by Parkinson’s and related neurological diseases.

Each week, PASWFL offers more than 25 free programs and support groups for people with PD and their care partners. These include exercise classes, speech therapy, wellness education, art, music, and caregiver support. There are no fees to become a member, and everyone is welcome.

You can join the PASWFL community and start receiving support today.

Ready to Learn More or Get Involved?
Click here to sign up for their newsletter for updates, tips, and event info.
Click here to join PASWFL for free and access weekly support programs.

**Understanding dopamine helps empower you to take control of Parkinson’s—**and with the right support, you can live stronger, longer, and better.

When someone receives a diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease (PD), one of the first and most personal questions that often follows is: "How long can you live with Parkinson’s?" It’s a natural concern—for individuals, families, and care partners alike—and while Parkinson’s is a progressive condition, it’s not considered a direct cause of death. With the right treatment, support, and lifestyle modifications, many people live long and meaningful lives with PD.

Understanding Life Expectancy With Parkinson’sThe answer to “how long can you live with Parkinson’s?” isn’t one-size-fits-all. Parkinson’s affects each person differently. Factors like age at diagnosis, symptom progression, overall health, and access to care all play a role.

On average, people with Parkinson’s live about the same lifespan as those without the disease, especially when they are diagnosed under the age of 60. Studies show that most individuals live 10 to 20 years or more after diagnosis. In fact, some live well into their 80s or 90s with proper medical care, physical activity, and community support.
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While Parkinson’s itself isn’t fatal, complications from the disease—such as difficulty swallowing, balance issues, or cognitive changes—can lead to more serious health risks. This is why early intervention, consistent management, and support systems are critical.

Living Well With Parkinson’s: The Role of SupportA Parkinson’s diagnosis doesn’t define a person’s life—it just changes the way they live it. That’s where community organizations like the Parkinson’s Association of Southwest Florida (PASWFL) make an incredible difference.

For over twenty-five years, PASWFL has provided effective programs and services that improve the quality of life, educate, enrich, and empower our Southwest Floridians touched by Parkinson’s disease and related neurological disorders. Their mission is to ensure that no one has to navigate Parkinson’s alone.

Each week, PASWFL offers more than 25 free programs and support groups tailored for individuals with PD and their care partners. These include exercise classes, voice therapy, art therapy, educational talks, and peer-led support. The focus isn’t just on surviving—but on thriving with Parkinson’s.
Free Membership and Easy AccessWhat’s even more empowering is that PASWFL services are completely free. There are no fees to become a member, and everyone is welcome. Whether you are newly diagnosed or have been living with PD for years, there’s a place for you in this caring, supportive community.

You can sign up quickly and easily online to start accessing their classes and resources.

Ready to Join the PASWFL Community? To learn more and receive tips, updates, and event news:
Click here to sign up for their newsletter

It’s free to become a member:
Click here to join PASWFL and gain immediate access to support and services.

Living with Parkinson’s isn’t about counting the years—it’s about making every year count. With the right support, you can live well, live strong, and live fully.

​The Parkinson’s Association of Southwest Florida (PASWFL) is pleased to announce new appointments to its all-volunteer Board of Directors, reflecting the organization’s ongoing commitment to strategic growth and community impact.
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As of July 1, 2025, Kimberly Adams has been elected Treasurer, and David Linz, MD, along with Stephen Schahrer, Esq., have joined the board as directors at large. These additions bring fresh energy and valuable expertise to an already dedicated board, which includes Chair Anthony Maglione, Vice Chair Danielle Dyer, Secretary Karim Mawji, and members John Botsko Jr., Claire Bisignano Chesnoff, Larry Sternberg, MD, and Charles Weinrich.

​“Kimberly, David, and Stephen bring valuable experience and expertise to our board,” said Board Chair Anthony Maglione. “Their leadership strengthens our ability to serve the Parkinson’s community of Southwest Florida and carry forward our mission with greater impact.”

​Meet the New Board Members
Kimberly Adams
With over 35 years of experience as a QuickBooks consultant and a long-standing passion for nonprofit service, Kimberly Adams brings strong financial acumen and a heart for giving back. A full-time Southwest Florida resident, Adams steps into the role of Treasurer, where her insight will be key in ensuring the organization’s financial health and sustainability.

​David Linz, MD
Dr. Linz, MD, is an Internal Medicine physician with NCH Medical Group’s Division of Concierge Medicine at Moorings Park and serves as Chief Medical Informatics Officer for NCH. He is also part of the faculty for the NCH Internal Medicine Residency Program. With affiliations to the Mayo Clinic and the University of Central Florida, Dr. Linz contributes not only deep clinical expertise but also a personal commitment to improving care for individuals living with Parkinson’s disease.

​Stephen C. Schahrer, Esq.
A Naples native and business litigation attorney with Boatman Ricci, Stephen Schahrer brings his legal background in business, construction, real estate, and estate litigation to the board. As General Counsel for local businesses and nonprofits, and an active volunteer with Hope City Church and Better Together, Schahrer enhances the board’s capacity for legal insight and community leadership.

​About PASWFL
The Parkinson’s Association of Southwest Florida empowers people with Parkinson’s disease and their care partners to live well. Through free programs, advocacy, and education, PASWFL creates a welcoming, informed, and supportive community for those touched by Parkinson’s and related neurodegenerative diseases.
Membership is free and open to all. To join or learn more, visit www.parkinsonassociationswfl.org or call 239-417-3465. You can also connect with PASWFL on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram.

Location:
2575 Northbrooke Plaza Drive, Suite 301, Naples, FL 34119

​About Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects movement and other functions. It is the second-most common neurodegenerative disease in the U.S., following Alzheimer’s, and is currently ranked by the CDC as the 14th-leading cause of death. While there is no cure, early intervention, support, and education can make a significant difference in quality of life.

​Have you or a loved one with Parkinson’s disease noticed that your handwriting is getting smaller or more cramped over time? This subtle but significant change is called Micrographia, and it’s a common symptom of Parkinson’s disease that can often be frustrating and confusing. A new virtual PD Talk on July 6, 2025, can help you understand and alleviate these symptoms.

To shed light on this important topic, the Parkinson’s Association of Southwest Florida (PASWFL) is hosting a special Zoom presentation titled “Intro to Micrographia” on Wednesday, July 9, 2025, at 3:00 p.m. The session will be led by Alicia Artz and Jen Hedgepeth, Physical Therapist Assistants and co-owners of Fite For Your Write, a program focused on helping individuals with Parkinson’s reclaim their confidence and clarity through writing.
This informative session is free, but RSVPs are required by Monday, July 7, 2025, at 3:00 p.m.
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​What Is Micrographia?
Micrographia is a neurological symptom often associated with Parkinson’s disease, characterized by abnormally small, cramped handwriting. Many individuals find that their writing starts out normal-sized but quickly becomes tiny and illegible as they continue. This can be frustrating—not only because it makes communication harder, but also because it’s a visible reminder of Parkinson’s progression.
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While the exact cause isn’t fully understood, Micrographia is believed to stem from the same motor symptoms that affect walking, balance, and speech in Parkinson’s disease. The good news? There are strategies to help improve handwriting, and that’s where Alicia and Jen come in.

​Meet the Presenters
Alicia Artz and Jen Hedgepeth are passionate about empowering people with Parkinson’s through their specialized handwriting and motor skills program, Fite For Your Write. With backgrounds in physical therapy, they understand the movement challenges Parkinson’s creates. Their mission is to show people how a targeted, consistent handwriting practice can help retrain the brain and improve both writing and overall hand coordination.

During the “Intro to Micrographia” session, Alicia and Jen will share:

• What Micrographia is and why it happens
• Simple tools and techniques to address handwriting changes
• How writing exercises can help reconnect the brain and body
• Stories of real progress from participants in their program

Whether you are newly diagnosed or have been living with Parkinson’s for years, this session is designed to educate, encourage, and offer actionable steps to improve a vital part of daily life.

​Understanding Early or Mild Parkinson’s Disease
​Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurological condition, meaning it gradually worsens over time. The early stages often bring subtle symptoms that are easy to overlook or attribute to aging or other health issues. These early signs can appear months or even years before a diagnosis is made.

Some of the most common early symptoms of Parkinson’s include:

• Slight tremor in a finger, hand, or foot—especially at rest
• Slowness of movement (bradykinesia)
• Reduced facial expression (masked face)
• Softer speech
• Changes in handwriting (micrographia)
• Mild balance issues or stiffness
• Reduced arm swing while walking
• Sleep disturbances
• Constipation or other gastrointestinal issues

Because these symptoms are relatively mild, people may live with early Parkinson’s for some time without knowing they have it. Diagnosis often occurs when symptoms begin to interfere with daily tasks or become more noticeable to others.

​The Importance of Early Detection
Recognizing Parkinson’s early can be incredibly valuable. While there is no cure, early diagnosis allows individuals to:

• Begin treatment that can improve quality of life
• Access support services and resources sooner
• Make lifestyle adjustments that may slow progression
• Engage in exercise and wellness programs proven to support better outcomes

Early treatment, especially when combined with community support and wellness strategies, can help those living with Parkinson’s stay active, independent, and engaged.

How PASWFL Supports Early-Stage Parkinson’s
​If you or someone you love is experiencing early signs of Parkinson’s, the Parkinson’s Association of Southwest Florida (PASWFL) is here to help.

For more than 25 years, PASWFL has provided free, high-quality services and programs to individuals and families affected by Parkinson’s disease in Southwest Florida. Their goal is simple: help people live well with PD, regardless of where they are in their journey.

Each week, PASWFL offers more than 25 free programs and support groups, including:

• Wellness and fitness classes
• Speech and cognitive therapy
• Art and music therapy
• Educational seminars
• Support for care partners
• One-on-one resource navigation

There are no fees to become a member, and PASWFL welcomes anyone touched by PD.

Take the First Step Toward Living Well
If you suspect early Parkinson’s or have been recently diagnosed, you don’t have to face it alone.
Click here to sign up for the PASWFL newsletter
Click here to become a member (it's free!)
To learn more, visit www.parkinsonassociationswfl.org and discover the power of support, education, and community.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder that affects movement, coordination, and many other bodily functions. One of the central biological components of Parkinson’s is the neurotransmitter dopamine. So, what role does dopamine play in Parkinson’s disease—and why is it so important?

Understanding Dopamine’s Role in the Brain:
Dopamine is a chemical messenger (neurotransmitter) that plays a crucial role in controlling movement, motivation, mood, and reward. It’s produced in a part of the brain called the substantia nigra, which is located in the midbrain.

In a healthy brain, dopamine helps transmit signals between nerve cells, particularly those involved in the motor control system. This helps the body move smoothly and efficiently. Think of dopamine as oil in a well-functioning machine—it allows the gears (your muscles and movements) to work together without grinding.

How Parkinson’s Disrupts Dopamine:
In people with Parkinson’s disease, the dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra begin to degenerate and die. As these cells are lost, the brain’s dopamine levels drop. By the time motor symptoms like tremor, stiffness, or slowness appear, it’s estimated that 60–80% of dopamine-producing cells have already been lost.

This dopamine deficiency causes the characteristic symptoms of Parkinson’s, including:

• Tremors (especially at rest)
• Muscle rigidity
• Bradykinesia (slowness of movement)
• Postural instability
• Shuffling gait

Over time, as dopamine levels continue to decline, non-motor symptoms—such as depression, sleep disturbances, and cognitive changes—may also develop.

​Treatments That Target DopamineThere is currently no cure for Parkinson’s, but many treatments aim to restore or mimic dopamine function.

​These include:

• Levodopa/Carbidopa: The most common and effective treatment, which converts to dopamine in the brain.
• Dopamine agonists: Medications that stimulate dopamine receptors without converting into dopamine.
• MAO-B inhibitors: Drugs that slow the breakdown of dopamine in the brain.

Understanding dopamine’s central role in Parkinson’s has helped guide both current treatments and ongoing research efforts.

PASWFL: Supporting You Every Step of the Way
Managing a chronic condition like Parkinson’s goes beyond medication. The Parkinson’s Association of Southwest Florida (PASWFL) offers a comprehensive approach to wellness and support.

For over 25 years, PASWFL has provided free, evidence-based programs, expert education, and community support to individuals and families touched by Parkinson’s in Southwest Florida. Every week, they offer 25+ programs and support groups that include:

• Wellness and movement classes
• Educational webinars and seminars
• Care partner and peer support groups
• Personalized assistance and advocacy

There are no fees to become a member, and joining provides access to a wide network of support and resources tailored to living well with Parkinson’s.

​Join the Community and Stay Informed 
Empower yourself with knowledge and connection.
Click here to sign up for their free newsletter
Click here to become a free PASWFL member
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For more information, visit www.parkinsonassociationswfl.org and discover how PASWFL can help you live well with Parkinson’s.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is commonly associated with older adults, but did you know it can also affect younger people? One of the most compelling questions people ask is: What is the youngest age someone can be diagnosed with Parkinson’s? The answer might surprise you.

Although the average age of onset for Parkinson’s is around 60 years old, individuals can be diagnosed much earlier—even in their twenties or thirties. When Parkinson’s occurs in someone under the age of 50, it is referred to as Young-Onset Parkinson’s Disease (YOPD).

​Understanding Young-Onset Parkinson’s Disease (YOPD):
Young-Onset Parkinson’s Disease accounts for approximately 5–10% of all Parkinson’s cases. The youngest documented cases have been diagnosed in people as young as 20 years old. While extremely rare, this shows that Parkinson’s is not exclusively a disease of old age.

YOPD often presents with the same hallmark motor symptoms as typical Parkinson’s disease—tremors, stiffness, slowness of movement, and balance issues—but younger patients may also experience unique challenges.

These can include:

• Delayed diagnosis due to age-related assumptions
• Increased financial burden related to long-term treatment
• Workplace and family responsibilities impacted at an earlier life stage
• Greater likelihood of genetic involvement, such as mutations in the PARKIN or LRRK2 genes

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Because of these distinctions, early diagnosis and tailored support are crucial for those living with YOPD.

Living Well with Parkinson’s at Any Age
Whether someone is diagnosed at 28 or 78, support, education, and a strong community make all the difference. That’s where the Parkinson’s Association of Southwest Florida (PASWFL) comes in.

For over 25 years, PASWFL has provided free programs and services designed to improve the lives of those affected by Parkinson’s disease and related neurological disorders. Their commitment to wellness, education, and empowerment ensures that no one has to face Parkinson’s alone—no matter their age.

What PASWFL Offers
Each week, PASWFL delivers more than 25 free programs and support groups for individuals with Parkinson’s and their care partners.

These include:

• Evidence-based wellness programs like movement classes, yoga, and voice therapy
• Expert-led educational sessions on PD management
• Support groups for care partners, young-onset patients, and newly diagnosed individuals
• Community outreach and advocacy initiatives

And the best part? There are no fees to become a member. Membership is open to anyone in Southwest Florida affected by Parkinson’s.

Join the PASWFL Community Today
Whether you're newly diagnosed, living with YOPD, or supporting a loved one, PASWFL is here to help you live well with Parkinson’s.
Click here to sign up for their free newsletter
Click here to become a free member
​
To learn more about PASWFL’s services and resources, visit www.parkinsonassociationswfl.org. Empower yourself and your loved ones—because Parkinson’s doesn’t define you.

Understanding the Variations of a Complex Condition
When most people hear the term “Parkinson’s disease,” they often think of tremors or movement difficulties. But Parkinson’s is not a one-size-fits-all condition. In fact, one of the most frequently asked questions is: Are there different types of Parkinson’s disease? The answer is yes. Parkinson’s can present itself in a variety of forms, each with its own unique symptoms, progression, and treatment approach.
Understanding these differences is key to providing effective care and improving quality of life. Let’s explore the main types and how support organizations like the Parkinson’s Association of Southwest Florida (PASWFL) can make a real difference.

Main Types of Parkinson’s Disease:
While Parkinson’s disease is generally classified as a neurodegenerative movement disorder, it can be further divided into subtypes. The most recognized types include:
1. Idiopathic Parkinson’s Disease
This is the most common form and what most people mean when they refer to "Parkinson’s." The cause is unknown (hence the term “idiopathic”), and it typically involves tremors, stiffness, slow movements, and postural instability. Idiopathic Parkinson’s can be responsive to medications like Levodopa.
2. Secondary Parkinsonism
This form of Parkinson’s results from an identifiable cause, such as medication side effects (especially antipsychotics), head trauma, brain infections, or toxins. It may mimic Parkinson’s symptoms but doesn't always respond well to Parkinson’s medications.
3. Atypical Parkinsonism (Parkinson’s-Plus Syndromes)
These are a group of neurological disorders that share symptoms with Parkinson’s but include additional features and tend to progress more rapidly. Common subtypes include:

• Multiple System Atrophy (MSA)
• Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP)
• Corticobasal Degeneration (CBD)​
  

​These forms are typically more resistant to traditional Parkinson’s medications and may present challenges in diagnosis and treatment.
4. Young-Onset Parkinson’s Disease
This type occurs in individuals younger than 50. While symptoms are similar to typical Parkinson’s, the progression may be slower, and genetic factors often play a stronger role.

Why Knowing the Type Matters:
Knowing which type of Parkinson’s a person has can help guide treatment options, anticipate disease progression, and provide the right support resources. This is why organizations like the Parkinson’s Association of Southwest Florida (PASWFL) are so vital.

How PASWFL Can HelpFor over twenty-five years, PASWFL has been a trusted ally for individuals and families touched by Parkinson’s and related neurological disorders. Their mission is to improve the quality of life by offering:

• Over 25 free weekly programs and support groups
• Evidence-based wellness initiatives like movement and balance classes
• Educational resources led by experts in the field
• Support for care partners and families
• Advocacy and outreach in the Southwest Florida community

Best of all, membership is completely free and confidential.

Join the PASWFL Community Today
Click here to sign up for PASWFL’s free newsletter
Click here to become a free PASWFL member
To learn more, visit www.parkinsonassociationswfl.org and discover how PASWFL empowers people to live well with Parkinson’s—no matter the type.

Exploring the Latest Advancements in Parkinson’s Disease Treatment:
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder that affects millions of people around the world. While there is currently no cure, medical advancements continue to improve the quality of life for those living with PD. If you're asking, “What are the newest medications available for Parkinson’s?”, you’re not alone. It’s a common and important question among patients, caregivers, and healthcare providers alike.
​
Let’s take a look at the most recent breakthroughs in medication and how they’re helping individuals manage Parkinson’s more effectively.

New Medications on the Horizon:
In recent years, several new drugs have been approved by the FDA to address symptoms of Parkinson’s disease or the complications that arise from long-term use of traditional treatments like Levodopa. Here are a few of the latest:

• Opicapone (Ongentys):
  Approved in 2020, Opicapone is a COMT inhibitor that enhances the effects of Levodopa by helping it last longer in the body. It’s taken once daily and is especially beneficial for patients experiencing “off” episodes when Levodopa stops working before the next dose.
• Istradefylline (Nourianz):
  This medication is the first in its class (an adenosine A2A receptor antagonist) and was approved in 2019. It’s used as an add-on therapy for patients who experience “off” episodes while on Levodopa/Carbidopa. Istradefylline works by targeting a different pathway in the brain, helping to smooth out motor fluctuations.
• Inbrija (Levodopa Inhalation Powder):
  Inbrija was approved in late 2018 and provides a fast-acting option for people experiencing sudden “off” episodes. It allows patients to inhale Levodopa directly into their lungs for rapid relief of motor symptoms.
  

Advanced Therapies in Development:
Researchers are also exploring new drug delivery systems and formulations, including:

• Extended-release formulations of existing drugs to reduce dosing frequency and enhance consistency.
• Gene therapies that aim to modify disease progression by targeting the underlying causes of PD.
• Neuroprotective agents that may slow or halt disease progression, which are currently undergoing clinical trials.

Living Well with Parkinson’s:
While new medications can improve symptom management, living well with Parkinson’s requires a comprehensive approach that includes exercise, nutrition, mental wellness, and community support.
That’s where the Parkinson’s Association of Southwest Florida (PASWFL) comes in.

For over twenty-five years, PASWFL has provided free programs and services that improve the quality of life for people with Parkinson’s and their families. Every week, the organization offers more than 25 free programs and support groups, including movement classes, educational events, and caregiver support. These services are designed to empower, educate, and connect those touched by PD.

There are no fees to become a member, and you can sign up online today.

Join the Community:
Click here to sign up for PASWFL’s newsletter
Click here to become a member (free and confidential)
To learn more, visit www.parkinsonassociationswfl.org. PASWFL is here to help you and your loved ones live well with Parkinson’s—today and into the future.

Understanding Parkinson’s Treatment Options Beyond Sinemet:
​Sinemet, a combination of Levodopa and Carbidopa, is widely considered the gold standard in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD). It works by replenishing dopamine in the brain, which helps manage motor symptoms like tremors, rigidity, and slowness of movement. But is Sinemet the only option? If you're wondering, Are there alternatives to Sinemet for treating Parkinson’s? — the answer is yes.

While Sinemet is effective for many, not every individual responds to it the same way, and long-term use can lead to side effects such as motor fluctuations and dyskinesias. Fortunately, other medications and therapies may offer benefits either alone or in combination with Sinemet.

Dopamine Agonists:
Dopamine agonists such as Pramipexole (Mirapex) and Ropinirole (Requip) mimic dopamine’s effects in the brain. These drugs are often used in the early stages of PD or as an add-on to Sinemet in later stages. While they may not be as potent as Levodopa, they have a longer half-life and can reduce motor complications in some patients. However, they may cause side effects such as sleepiness, hallucinations, or impulse control disorders.

MAO-B Inhibitors and COMT InhibitorsTwo other classes of drugs can also help:

• MAO-B Inhibitors (like Selegiline and Rasagiline) prevent the breakdown of dopamine in the brain, extending the effect of existing dopamine.
• COMT Inhibitors (such as Entacapone and Opicapone) work by prolonging the effects of Levodopa, helping to reduce "off" time when the medication stops working.

These are often prescribed alongside Levodopa to help smooth out symptom control throughout the day.

​Amantadine and Anticholinergics:
Amantadine is sometimes used to help reduce dyskinesias caused by long-term Levodopa use. It also has mild benefits for tremor and rigidity. Anticholinergics like Trihexyphenidyl can help control tremors in younger patients, though they are used less frequently due to cognitive side effects in older adults.

Advanced Therapies:
For those with advanced Parkinson’s or medication complications, alternatives include:

• Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) – a surgical procedure that involves implanting electrodes into specific brain areas to help manage symptoms.
• Duopa – a gel form of Levodopa/Carbidopa delivered directly into the small intestine via a pump for more consistent delivery.
• Apomorphine injections or infusion – a rapid-onset dopamine agonist used for quick relief during “off” periods.

Empowerment Through Support and Education:
Navigating Parkinson’s treatment options can feel overwhelming. That’s where the Parkinson’s Association of Southwest Florida (PASWFL) steps in. For over 25 years, PASWFL has provided free programs, resources, and support groups to help individuals and families touched by PD make informed decisions and live well.

Each week, PASWFL offers more than 25 free wellness and support programs—from movement classes and nutrition workshops to caregiver support and educational seminars. The best part? Membership is free and confidential.

Ready to Learn More?
Click here to sign up for PASWFL’s newsletter
Click here to become a member (it’s free!)
Visit www.parkinsonassociationswfl.org to explore how PASWFL can support you or a loved one on the journey with Parkinson’s.

Understanding Parkinson’s Disease:
​Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic and progressive neurological disorder that primarily affects movement. It occurs when brain cells that produce dopamine—a neurotransmitter responsible for controlling movement—begin to deteriorate. As dopamine levels decrease, individuals experience hallmark symptoms such as:

• Resting tremors
• Muscle rigidity
• Bradykinesia (slowness of movement)
• Postural instability
• Changes in speech and facial expression

Parkinson’s disease is considered idiopathic, meaning the cause is unknown in most cases. It is the most common form of Parkinsonism and responds well to treatments like Levodopa/Carbidopa, which boosts dopamine levels in the brain.

What Is Parkinsonism?
Parkinsonism is a general term used to describe a group of neurological disorders that cause movement symptoms similar to those of Parkinson’s disease. However, Parkinsonism may have different underlying causes, and the symptoms might not respond well to traditional PD medications.
Types of Parkinsonism include:

• Multiple System Atrophy (MSA)
• Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP)
• Corticobasal Degeneration (CBD)
• Drug-induced Parkinsonism
• Vascular Parkinsonism

These conditions may also include additional symptoms not typical of Parkinson’s disease, such as early balance problems, rapid progression, or issues with blood pressure regulation.

​Key Differences Between Parkinson’s Disease and Parkinsonism:

Feature                              Parkinson’s Disease                                 Parkinsonism
Cause                               Usually unknown (idiopathic)              Can be caused by medications, strokes, or           
                                                                                                                 other diseases
Response to                    Typically positive                                     Often poor or limited
Levodopa

Progression                     Slower and more predictable             Can be faster and more severe

Symptoms                       Mostly motor-related early on            Often includes additional non-motor  
                                                                                                                symptoms early

Diagnosis                         Based on clinical criteria                     May require advanced testing to 
                                                                                                                determine type

Understanding these differences is crucial for receiving the right diagnosis and care plan.

How the Parkinson’s Association of Southwest Florida Can Help:
Whether you or a loved one has been diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease or another form of Parkinsonism, the Parkinson’s Association of Southwest Florida (PASWFL) is here to help.

For over 25 years, PASWFL has empowered individuals touched by Parkinson’s and related neurological disorders by offering:

• Over 25 free programs and support groups each week
• Evidence-based wellness classes
• Educational events with Parkinson’s experts
• A community of care for patients and caregivers

Membership is free and confidential. It’s easy to join, and you don’t have to face the journey alone.

Click here to sign up for PASWFL’s free newsletter
Click here to become a free member today
Visit www.parkinsonassociationswfl.org to learn more and take your next step toward living well with Parkinson’s or Parkinsonism.

Understanding Parkinson’s Progression

Parkinson’s disease does not follow a single course, and its rate of progression can differ significantly from person to person. In general, Parkinson’s is considered a slowly progressing disease. Some people may live for decades with relatively mild symptoms, while others may see more rapid changes.

The 5 Stages of Parkinson’s Disease

​To help understand progression, Parkinson’s is often divided into five stages:

1. Stage 1: Symptoms are mild and affect only one side of the body. Daily activities are usually not impaired.
2. Stage 2: Symptoms worsen, affecting both sides of the body, but balance remains intact.
3. Stage 3: Balance begins to decline. Falls may occur, and daily tasks become more difficult.
4. Stage 4: Symptoms are severe. The person may need help walking and performing daily activities.
5. Stage 5: Advanced stage, often involving wheelchair use or being bedridden, with 24-hour assistance required.

The transition between stages can span many years. On average, individuals may live 15 to 20 years or more following diagnosis, especially with proper treatment and care.

Factors That Influence the Rate of Progression​

While Parkinson’s is incurable, many factors influence its rate of progression:

• Age at diagnosis: Younger individuals often experience slower progression.
• Lifestyle: Regular exercise and healthy eating can help manage symptoms.
• Type of Parkinson’s: Some forms, like tremor-dominant PD, may progress more slowly.
• Medication: Treatments like Levodopa and dopamine agonists can significantly improve quality of life.
• Support systems: Emotional and physical support from care partners and community programs can slow functional decline.

How the Parkinson’s Association of Southwest Florida Can Help

Living well with Parkinson’s is possible—with the right support. The Parkinson’s Association of Southwest Florida (PASWFL) has been serving the community for over 25 years, offering vital services to help individuals and families live well with PD.

Each week, PASWFL provides more than 25 free programs and support groups tailored to the needs of those with Parkinson’s and their care partners. These include:

• Evidence-based wellness classes
• Movement and balance programs
• Educational workshops and expert speakers
• Care partner support groups

There are no fees to become a member of PASWFL. The support, education, and community they provide can make a significant difference in managing the symptoms and slowing the impact of the disease.

Take the First Step TodayWhether newly diagnosed or living with Parkinson’s for years, you don’t have to face this journey alone.
Click here to sign up for PASWFL’s free newsletter
Click here to become a member—it’s free and confidential
To learn more, visit www.parkinsonassociationswfl.org. Together, we can help you live well with Parkinson’s disease.

Levodopa/Carbidopa is one of the most effective medications used to manage the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD). If you or a loved one is taking this medication, you may have wondered: What foods should I eat when taking Levodopa/Carbidopa? Nutrition plays a key role in how well the medication works and how you feel throughout the day.

How Food Affects Levodopa/Carbidopa Absorption

Levodopa must cross the blood-brain barrier to be effective, and protein can interfere with this process. This is because the body uses the same transport system for both Levodopa and amino acids (the building blocks of protein). As a result, if you eat a high-protein meal around the same time you take your medication, it may compete with Levodopa and reduce its effectiveness.

That doesn't mean you should avoid protein altogether—your body still needs it to stay strong. Instead, timing and balance are key.

Best Practices for Eating While Taking Levodopa/Carbidopa 

1. Take Your Medication on an Empty Stomach
For many people, Levodopa/Carbidopa is best absorbed when taken 30 to 60 minutes before meals. This helps prevent protein interference and can improve the medication’s effectiveness.

2. Schedule Protein Wisely
Try to limit protein intake during the day and consume the majority of your protein in the evening when symptoms tend to be less problematic. This approach can help ensure your medication works better when you need it most—during your active hours.

3. Stay Hydrated
Water helps with digestion and medication absorption. Make sure to drink plenty of fluids throughout the day, unless otherwise directed by your physician.

4. Focus on Fiber-Rich Foods
Constipation is common in Parkinson’s disease and can worsen symptoms. Eating foods high in fiber such as whole grains, fruits, and vegetables can promote regular bowel movements and improve overall well-being.

5. Avoid High-Fat, High-Sugar Meals
Fatty and sugary foods can slow digestion and may contribute to inflammation. Opt for nutrient-dense foods like leafy greens, berries, nuts, and lean proteins.

Partnering with the Parkinson’s Association of Southwest Florida

Living well with Parkinson’s involves more than medication—it requires comprehensive support, including guidance on nutrition, exercise, and lifestyle. That’s where the Parkinson’s Association of Southwest Florida (PASWFL) comes in.

For over 25 years, PASWFL has provided free programs, expert education, and compassionate support to individuals and families living with Parkinson’s disease and related neurological conditions in our community.

Each week, they offer more than 25 programs and support groups for individuals with PD and their care partners. These include nutrition counseling, fitness classes, education events, and support circles—all designed to help you thrive.

Best of all, membership is free and open to everyone in Southwest Florida.

Get Connected
Click here to sign up for PASWFL’s free newsletter
Click here to become a free member today
To learn more, visit www.parkinsonassociationswfl.org and take the next step toward living well with Parkinson’s disease.

Neurodegenerative diseases affect millions of people around the world, with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) being two of the most common. Both are progressive, chronic disorders of the brain, but they differ in their symptoms, causes, and progression. This often raises the question: What causes Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s—and are they related?

Understanding the Causes of Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s

What Causes Parkinson’s Disease?
Parkinson’s disease is primarily caused by the gradual breakdown or death of neurons in a region of the brain called the substantia nigra. These neurons are responsible for producing dopamine, a neurotransmitter essential for coordinating movement. As dopamine levels decrease, symptoms like tremors, stiffness, and slowed movement begin to appear.

While the exact cause is not fully understood, several factors are believed to contribute:

• Genetic mutations: Certain inherited genetic mutations are linked to Parkinson’s, although they are rare.
• Environmental exposures: Prolonged exposure to certain toxins or pesticides may increase risk.
• Age and gender: The disease most often affects people over age 60 and is more common in men than in women.

What Causes Alzheimer’s Disease?
Alzheimer’s disease, the most common form of dementia, primarily affects memory, thinking, and behavior. It’s associated with the buildup of amyloid plaques and tau tangles in the brain, which disrupt communication between neurons and eventually lead to cell death.

• Key contributing factors include:
• Age: The single greatest risk factor.
• Genetics: The APOE-e4 gene variant increases risk.
• Lifestyle and heart health: Conditions like diabetes, high blood pressure, and smoking may increase susceptibility.
• Brain injury: History of head trauma may also be a factor.

Are Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s Related?
Although Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s are distinct diseases with different causes and symptoms, they do share some common features:

• Both are neurodegenerative: They involve progressive damage to neurons in the brain.
• Risk increases with age: Both diseases are more common in older adults.
• Overlap in symptoms: Some cognitive decline can occur in later stages of Parkinson’s, and some people with Alzheimer’s may experience movement issues.

​There is also a condition called Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD) that occurs in some individuals with Parkinson’s, and Lewy body dementia (LBD) which shares characteristics of both PD and AD. These overlapping conditions highlight how the boundaries between these diseases can blur.

Whole-Person Support Through PASWFL

Navigating life with Parkinson’s can be challenging, but you don’t have to do it alone. For over 25 years, the Parkinson’s Association of Southwest Florida (PASWFL) has been improving lives through education, wellness programs, and support networks.

Each week, PASWFL offers over 25 free programs including:

• Fitness and movement classes
• Cognitive wellness and speech therapy
• Care partner and peer support groups
• Education sessions with Parkinson’s experts

Membership is completely free, and it’s open to individuals with Parkinson’s and their care partners throughout Southwest Florida.

Join the PASWFL CommunityEmpower yourself with the tools, community, and knowledge to live well with Parkinson’s.
Click here to sign up for the PASWFL newsletter
Click here to become a member—it’s free and confidential
For more information, visit www.parkinsonassociationswfl.org and take your first step toward wellness today.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder that affects movement, coordination, and many aspects of daily life. One of the most common questions asked after a diagnosis is: What are the most effective medications for Parkinson’s disease? While there is no cure for PD, a variety of medications are available that can significantly reduce symptoms and improve quality of life.

Understanding Parkinson’s Medications
The primary goal of Parkinson’s medications is to restore or mimic the action of dopamine—a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in movement. As the disease progresses and dopamine levels decline, symptoms such as tremors, stiffness, and slowness of movement become more pronounced.

Levodopa/Carbidopa: Levodopa is considered the gold standard and most effective medication for treating Parkinson’s disease. It works by converting into dopamine in the brain, directly replenishing the neurotransmitter that is deficient in people with PD. Carbidopa is combined with levodopa to prevent it from breaking down in the bloodstream before reaching the brain, enhancing its effectiveness and reducing side effects like nausea.

Brand names: Sinemet, Rytary (extended-release), Parcopa (orally disintegrating).

Dopamine Agonists: Dopamine agonists mimic dopamine’s effects in the brain. They don’t convert into dopamine like levodopa but instead stimulate dopamine receptors directly.

Examples include: Pramipexole (Mirapex), Ropinirole (Requip), and Rotigotine (Neupro patch). These are often used in the early stages of Parkinson’s or in combination with levodopa to extend its effects.

MAO-B Inhibitors: Monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitors block the enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the brain. This helps prolong the effect of dopamine.

Common MAO-B inhibitors: Selegiline (Eldepryl), Rasagiline (Azilect), Safinamide (Xadago).

​COMT Inhibitors: Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors help prevent the breakdown of levodopa, thereby extending its effectiveness.
Examples: Entacapone (Comtan) and Opicapone (Ongentys)

​Amantadine: Amantadine is used to treat tremors and dyskinesia (involuntary movements) that can occur with long-term levodopa use. It may also offer mild benefits for stiffness and slowness of movement.
Anticholinergics: While not commonly used today due to their side effects, anticholinergic drugs like benztropine and trihexyphenidyl can help reduce tremors, especially in younger patients.

Support Beyond MedicationMedications are essential, but so is a supportive care network. The Parkinson’s Association of Southwest Florida (PASWFL) has been serving the community for over 25 years, providing education, support, and resources to help individuals live well with PD.

PASWFL offers more than 25 free programs and support groups every week for individuals with Parkinson’s and their care partners.

These include:

• Exercise and movement classes
• Educational seminars
• Speech and voice therapy
• Care partner support
• Social engagement and community resources

Membership is 100% free, and no diagnosis is required to join.

Join the PASWFL CommunityIf you or a loved one is navigating Parkinson’s disease, know that you're not alone. Join a compassionate and informed community ready to support your journey.
Click here to sign up for the PASWFL newsletter
Click here to become a member (free and confidential)
To learn more, visit www.parkinsonassociationswfl.org and start living well with PD today.

 Beyond the Brain: The Widespread Impact of Parkinson’s Disease

Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder primarily caused by the loss of dopamine-producing cells in a part of the brain called the substantia nigra. While the brain is the central site of the disease’s origin, its symptoms ripple through many other organs and systems, affecting a person’s total well-being.

The Digestive System One of the earliest non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s is constipation. This happens because PD can slow down the muscles of the gut, leading to sluggish digestion. Swallowing problems may also emerge in later stages, which can lead to malnutrition or aspiration.
​
The Cardiovascular System Parkinson’s often affects the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary functions like heart rate and blood pressure. As a result, individuals may experience orthostatic hypotension, a sudden drop in blood pressure upon standing, leading to dizziness or fainting.

The Respiratory System Over time, Parkinson’s can weaken the muscles involved in breathing, leading to shallow breaths or even sleep apnea. These changes can be subtle but are crucial to monitor as they can affect oxygen intake and sleep quality.

The Muscular and Skeletal Systems Muscle rigidity and joint stiffness are hallmark symptoms of PD. These physical changes can impact posture, balance, and overall mobility. Over time, they can lead to muscle pain, fatigue, and a higher risk of falls.
​
The Urinary and Reproductive Systems People with Parkinson’s frequently report urinary urgency, frequency, or incontinence. These symptoms are linked to disruptions in the communication between the brain and bladder. Men may also experience changes in sexual function.

Whole-Body Care Through PASWFLGiven that Parkinson’s affects more than just the brain, whole-body care becomes essential. That’s where the Parkinson’s Association of Southwest Florida (PASWFL) comes in. For over 25 years, PASWFL has provided free, life-enhancing programs to individuals and families touched by PD in the region.

Each week, PASWFL offers more than 25 free programs and support groups to address both the physical and emotional aspects of Parkinson’s. Their programs include:

• Therapeutic exercise
• Balance and movement classes
• Speech therapy
• Support groups for care partners
• Educational events on managing all aspects of PD

Membership is completely free, and the organization is open to anyone affected by Parkinson’s disease.

Join the Supportive CommunityNo one has to face Parkinson’s alone. With the right information and a strong support system, individuals can live full and active lives.
Click here to sign up for the PASWFL newsletter
Click here to become a free member
To learn more, visit www.parkinsonassociationswfl.org and take the first step toward empowering your journey with PD.

​Parkinson’s disease (PD) is more than just tremors and stiffness. It’s a progressive neurological condition that affects how the brain communicates with the rest of the body. Many people ask, “What happens to the body during Parkinson’s disease?” Understanding the changes that occur can empower individuals and families to seek appropriate care, treatment, and support early on.

​What Happens to the Body During Parkinson’s Disease?
Parkinson’s disease occurs when nerve cells in the brain, particularly in an area called the substantia nigra, begin to deteriorate or die. These cells are responsible for producing dopamine, a chemical that helps control movement. As dopamine levels drop, the body loses its ability to regulate smooth, controlled motions. Over time, this leads to both motor and non-motor symptoms.

Motor Symptoms

The most well-known effects of Parkinson’s disease on the body are related to movement. These include:

• Tremors – Involuntary shaking, often starting in the hands or fingers.
• Bradykinesia – Slowness of movement, which can make everyday tasks difficult.
• Muscle rigidity – Stiffness in the limbs and trunk that can limit range of motion.
• Postural instability – Impaired balance and coordination, increasing the risk of falls.
• Freezing – Sudden, brief inability to move, often experienced when starting to walk.

Non-Motor SymptomsWhat happens to the body during Parkinson’s disease goes beyond physical movement. Non-motor symptoms are just as impactful:
​​

• Cognitive changes – Including memory issues and slowed thinking.
• Mood disorders – Depression and anxiety are common.
• Sleep disturbances – Trouble falling or staying asleep, vivid dreams, or REM sleep behavior disorder.
• Autonomic dysfunction – Issues with involuntary body functions such as blood pressure regulation, digestion, and bladder control.
• Speech and swallowing difficulties – Soft speech, monotone voice, and difficulty swallowing are common in later stages.

Living Well With Parkinson’sAlthough there is no cure for Parkinson’s, many people live long, meaningful lives with proper care. Early diagnosis, medical treatment, regular exercise, and a supportive community can significantly improve quality of life.

One organization leading the way in whole-person care is the Parkinson’s Association of Southwest Florida (PASWFL).

How PASWFL Supports the Body and MindFor over 25 years, PASWFL has been dedicated to improving life for individuals touched by Parkinson’s disease and related neurological conditions. Offering more than 25 free programs and support groups weekly, PASWFL helps members and their care partners manage both the motor and non-motor symptoms of PD.

These programs include:

• Therapeutic exercise and balance classes
• Speech therapy and movement workshops
• Support groups for individuals and care partners
• Educational seminars on living with Parkinson’s

Membership is completely free, and there’s no cost to attend programs. PASWFL provides critical community-based care for Southwest Floridians, empowering them to live well with Parkinson’s.

Join the CommunityYou don’t have to go through Parkinson’s alone. PASWFL is here to help every step of the way.

Click here to sign up for their newsletter
Click here to become a free member
To learn more, visit www.parkinsonassociationswfl.org and discover how you can get the support and care you deserve.

A diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease often brings with it a host of questions—from managing symptoms to understanding long-term health outcomes. One of the most frequently asked questions is: What is the average life expectancy for someone with Parkinson’s disease? This is an important topic, not just for individuals living with PD, but also for their care partners and loved ones.

Understanding Life Expectancy in Parkinson’s Disease
While Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurological disorder, it is not typically considered fatal. The condition itself does not directly cause death. Instead, complications that arise in later stages—such as difficulty swallowing, falls, or infections like pneumonia—can impact longevity. That being said, people with Parkinson’s can live many fulfilling years with the right support, medical care, and lifestyle adjustments.

Studies have shown that the average life expectancy for someone with Parkinson’s disease is only slightly lower than that of the general population. On average, many individuals live between 10 to 20 years after their diagnosis, and some live well beyond that. Factors that influence life expectancy include:

• Age at diagnosis (younger onset often means longer life expectancy)
• Overall health and presence of other medical conditions
• Access to treatment and therapy
• Engagement in physical, cognitive, and social activities

Enhancing Quality of Life and Longevity

One of the best ways to support both longevity and quality of life for someone living with Parkinson’s is by staying engaged and active—physically, mentally, and socially. Exercise has been shown to slow symptom progression and boost mental well-being. Early and consistent use of medication, therapies (like speech or occupational therapy), and regular follow-ups with a neurologist also contribute to better outcomes.

Most importantly, a strong support system plays a crucial role in navigating the challenges of Parkinson’s disease. This is where community organizations and support networks come into the picture.

​How the Parkinson’s Association of Southwest Florida Can HelpFor over twenty-five years, the Parkinson’s Association of Southwest Florida (PASWFL) has been a trusted resource for individuals and families affected by Parkinson’s and related neurological diseases.

PASWFL provides over 25 free programs and support groups each week, designed specifically for people with PD and their care partners. These include:

• Therapeutic movement and balance classes
• Speech and cognitive support programs
• Educational workshops and wellness resources
• Peer and caregiver support groups

Their mission is to improve the quality of life, educate, enrich, and empower individuals in Southwest Florida living with PD. And there’s no cost to join—membership is completely free.

Take the First Step TodayBeing proactive and staying connected can make a tremendous difference. Whether you’ve just been diagnosed or have been living with Parkinson’s for years, you don’t have to go through it alone.
Click here to sign up for their newsletter
Click here to become a free member

To learn more, visit www.parkinsonassociationswfl.org and discover how the Parkinson’s Association of Southwest Florida can support your journey with Parkinson’s disease.

How PASWFL Can Help:
For over twenty-five years, PASWFL has been a trusted ally for individuals and families touched by Parkinson’s and related neurological disorders. Their mission is to improve the quality of life by offering:

• Over 25 free weekly programs and support groups
• Evidence-based wellness initiatives like movement and balance classes
• Educational resources led by experts in the field
• Support for care partners and families
• Advocacy and outreach in the Southwest Florida community

Best of all, membership is completely free and confidential.

Join the PASWFL Community Today
Click here to sign up for PASWFL’s free newsletter
Click here to become a free PASWFL member
​
To learn more, visit www.parkinsonassociationswfl.org and discover how PASWFL empowers people to live well with Parkinson’s—no matter the type.

Citation:
Krzyzanowski B, Mullan AF, Dorsey ER, et al. Proximity to Golf Courses and Risk of Parkinson Disease. JAMA Netw Open. 2025;8(5):e259198. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.9198

When it comes to understanding movement disorders, many people wonder: What’s the difference between Parkinson’s disease and Parkinson’s syndrome? Though the terms are often used interchangeably, they refer to distinct medical conditions. Knowing the difference can help individuals get the right diagnosis, treatment, and support.

​Parkinson’s Disease vs. Parkinson’s Syndrome: What’s the Difference?
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a specific, progressive neurological disorder that primarily affects movement. It occurs when nerve cells in the brain that produce dopamine—a chemical that helps control movement—begin to die. The classic symptoms of Parkinson’s disease include:
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• Tremors (shaking)
• Bradykinesia (slowness of movement)
• Muscle rigidity
• Postural instability (balance issues)

On the other hand, Parkinson’s syndrome, sometimes called parkinsonism, is a broader term used to describe a group of conditions that cause symptoms similar to Parkinson’s disease. While Parkinson’s disease is the most common cause of parkinsonism, there are other disorders that fall under this umbrella, including:

• Multiple System Atrophy (MSA)
• Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP)
• Corticobasal Degeneration (CBD)
• Drug-induced parkinsonism
• Vascular parkinsonism

These syndromes can mimic PD in the early stages but often progress differently and may not respond as well to traditional Parkinson’s medications like levodopa/carbidopa.

Why the Distinction MattersUnderstanding whether someone has Parkinson’s disease or a Parkinson’s syndrome can greatly impact treatment and quality of life.

For example:

• Treatment Response: PD often responds well to medications that boost dopamine. Parkinson’s syndromes may not.
• Progression and Prognosis: Atypical parkinsonisms (syndromes) tend to progress more rapidly and may involve additional symptoms like speech, balance, or cognitive difficulties sooner.
• Specialized Care: Individuals with Parkinson’s syndromes may need tailored therapies, and getting an accurate diagnosis early helps plan appropriate care.

If you or a loved one is experiencing symptoms of parkinsonism, it’s essential to work with a neurologist who specializes in movement disorders to get an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan.

​Support and Resources in Southwest FloridaRegardless of the diagnosis, support plays a critical role in managing life with Parkinson’s disease or Parkinson’s syndrome. For over twenty-five years, the Parkinson’s Association of Southwest Florida (PASWFL) has provided effective programs and services to improve quality of life for people touched by PD and related neurological conditions.
Each week, PASWFL offers over 25 free programs and support groups for members with PD and their care partners. Programs include:

• Fitness and movement classes
• Cognitive and speech support
• Social engagement opportunities
• Educational workshops
• Peer support for both individuals and care partners

There are no fees to become a member, and the community is open to anyone in Southwest Florida seeking help, hope, and connection.

Ready to Get Involved? 
Click here to sign up for their newsletter
Click here to become a free member

To learn more, visit www.parkinsonassociationswfl.org and discover how the Parkinson’s Association of Southwest Florida empowers those affected by Parkinson’s disease and Parkinson’s syndrome to live fuller, more connected lives.

Is Parkinson’s Disease Hereditary or Genetic?

The answer is nuanced. Parkinson’s disease is generally considered a multifactorial condition, meaning it is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. While most cases are classified as sporadic, meaning they arise without a known family history or genetic cause, about 10-15% of people with Parkinson’s have a family history of the condition. This suggests a hereditary or genetic component in a small percentage of cases.

Scientists have identified several gene mutations that can increase the risk of developing PD. These include LRRK2, PARK7, PINK1, PRKN (parkin), and SNCA. Some of these mutations are dominant, meaning they can cause the disease even if only one copy of the gene is inherited, while others are recessive and require two copies.

However, having one of these gene mutations does not guarantee a person will develop Parkinson’s disease. Many people with the mutations never show symptoms. This is where environmental triggers, such as exposure to pesticides or heavy metals, as well as lifestyle choices, may come into play.

In summary, Parkinson’s can be genetic in some cases, but the vast majority of diagnoses are not directly linked to hereditary factors. It's a complex interplay that researchers continue to study in depth.

Should You Be Concerned About Family Risk?
If Parkinson’s runs in your family, it’s natural to have concerns. While genetic testing is available, it is usually reserved for research settings or in cases where multiple family members have developed Parkinson’s, particularly at a young age. If you’re worried, speak to a neurologist or a genetic counselor to better understand your individual risk and the value of testing in your situation.
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Importantly, a genetic predisposition is not a definitive predictor of disease. Many people live long, healthy lives even if they have a family history of PD.

Support is Available—You’re Not AloneNo matter the cause of your Parkinson’s, support is essential. For over twenty-five years, the Parkinson’s Association of Southwest Florida (PASWFL) has provided effective programs and services that improve the quality of life, educate, enrich, and empower our Southwest Floridians touched by PD and related neurological diseases.

Each week, PASWFL offers more than 25 free programs and support groups for individuals with PD and their care partners. These services include:

• Movement and fitness classes
• Educational workshops
• Speech and occupational therapy
• Support groups tailored to your stage of PD

There are no fees associated with becoming a member, and the membership application is available online.

Ready to Take the Next Step?
Click here to sign up for their newsletter
Click here to become a free member

To learn more, visit www.parkinsonassociationswfl.org and discover how the Parkinson’s Association of Southwest Florida can help you or a loved one live well with PD—no matter the cause.